Other than migraine headaches, there are no definitive risk factors for the development of TGA. Chances of recurrence are reported variedly from 2.9 to 25%. A total of 54%–67% of TGA patients are female. Peak incidence is around the age of 62 years (standard deviation 10 years). In summary, according to community-based studies, the annual incidence of TGA is 5–10/100,000 and 23.5–32/100,000 for people aged 50 years and older. 6 Additionally, a significantly higher percentage of TGA subjects (33.3%) reported a family history of psychiatric disease as compared with TIA subjects (13.7%). TGA subjects had a significantly higher percentage of psychiatric disease compared to TIA controls (39.2% vs 13.7%, age- and sex-adjusted odds ratio =2.86). Psychiatric disease was defined as having “a diagnosis of depression or anxiety disorder” or having received “treatment with specific drugs for at least 3 months”. One study compared psychiatric disease in 51 subjects who experienced a TGA to 51 subjects who experienced a TIA. 9 Also, of note is that cancer diagnosis carries no increased risk of TGA, according to a prospective cohort study with 5,365,608 subjects running between 20. 8 Furthermore, a retrospective study of 85 TGA subjects revealed that those with history of two episodes of TGA showed a higher frequency of carotid atheromasia and ischemic heart disease than those with a history of just one episode of TGA. Within this same study, 632 transient ischemic attack (TIA) subjects had greater rates of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischemic stroke, and atrial fibrillation when compared with TGA subjects, likely indicating differing risk factors between TGA and TIA. A retrospective case–control study found age- and sex-matched control subjects (n=293) to have significantly decreased odds of having hyperlipidemia and ischemic heart disease when compared with those subjects with TGA (n=293). 7Ĭardiovascular risk factors are also well studied in TGA. No associations were found between various migraine subtypes and TGA. 7 Additionally, of the subjects who developed TGA after the age of 40 years, those with a history of migraine had a significantly younger age of onset (56.6) compared to the control group (61.4). In a 2014 population-based study (n=316,602), migraine patients were significantly more likely to develop TGA than their matched controls, with the incidence rate ratio of 2.48. A migraine history is one of the more notable risk factors associated with developing TGA.
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